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Newo
~ Abstract Brain ~
Spain
2673 Posts |
 Posted - 08/16/2005 : 14:51:29
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I read once that scientists call 90% of DNA 'silent' or 'junk DNA' because they don't know what it does but two Germans, Fosar and Bludorf have written a book called Vernetzte Intelligenz about what a few Russian researchers have found about it, it's only in German at the moment but they have written a brief review in English I'm finding fascinating:
The Biological Chip in our Cells
Revolutionary results of modern genetics
by Grazyna Fosar and Franz Bludorf
Light is in principle the oldest and most important food of the world, and still in addition - understood as electromagnetic wave - a perfect storage medium.
We know today that life in the universe is a process which is always swiming against the river. Physics predicts that everything in nature is going towards a condition of a thermal equilibrium. With every energy consuming process always also warmth is produced, which cannot be completely reconverted into work energy. This is well-known to each power station operator.
The universe favours disorder and decay rather than order and structure.
In such an environment an organism can temporarily exist only because it constantly supplies new order structures to its body using energy , briefly said: by taking up food regularly.
For this the plants found the simplest and most direct way. With help of their leaf pigment chlorophyll they developed a procedure, in order to produce sugar from carbon dioxide of air and water using light. Plants thus predominantly nourish themselves from light. They take up energy and order condition from light particles (photons), which they integrate into their organism, thus robbing them their freedom of movement and building up own order conditions of their bodies again and again.
The animals and humans however have a metabolism which is based not on chlorophyll, but on haemoglobin, the red blood coloring material. They therefore cannot convert light to food by photosynthesis, but have to nourish themselves eating plants or other animals. They are thus rather parasites of the plant world, which also could exist without us - we however not without them. We should always keep this in mind, when we clear further forests from pure profit thinking.
Light nevertheless plays a crucial role for animal and human life too. Not only, because we become depressive if we do not expose our body with sufficient light (especially in winter).
German bio physicist Fritz Albert Popp investigates for years the phenomenon of biophotons, a natural light radiation, which is emitted from each living organism. This bio photon radiation is very weak and may be made visible only by substantial reinforcement in the darkroom.
Popp and its coworkers made the amazing observation that the radiant emittance was always stronger at the beginning, briefly after they brought a tissue probe into the darkroom, and then slowly decreased to a stable value, the normal bio photon radiation.
That means, that our body cannot only emit light, but also may take up light from the environment, which is naturally in the darkroom no longer possible, whereby it comes to the observed decrease. Thus something inside our body may store light energy, which is a proof that we nourish ourselves to a small percentage directly of light too, independently of the food which we eat.
It turned out soon that the looked for light memory of our body is nothing else than the DNA. It is well known that the DNA is also most deeply involved into the bio photon radiation.
From the characteristic form of this giant molecule - a wound double helix - the DNA represents an ideal electromagnetic antenna. On one hand it is elongated and thus a blade antenna, which can take up very well electrical pulses. On the other hand, seen from above it has form of a ring and thus is a very good magnetical antenna.
What happens to the electromagnetic energy, which the DNA takes up? It is stored quite easily inside it, bringing the molecule – simplified spoken – into oscillation. Physically we call such a system a harmonic oscillator .
Such an oscillator of course with the time loses its energy, as is observable also in the darkroom, and the time, which this procedure needs, is a measure for the ability of energy storage. Physicists call this measure resonator quality .
It turned out that the quality of the DNA resonator is by a multiple higher as in oscillators, which physicists are able to construct in their laboratories from technical devices. That means, the oscillation losses are unbelievably small. This confirms a long-preserved assumption: The DNA is an organic superconductor, which can still work in addition at normal body temperature! In this field science may learn still infinitely much from nature.
For example the ability of superconductors to store light was just discovered in recent time. That sounds perhaps surprising, but you should keep yourself clear before eyes the fact that light, although well known to all of us is not anything actually seizable. Light is pure electromagnetic energy, divided into small quanta, so-called photons, which – like the name already says – constantly move with speed of light. We may destroy photons by certain particle reactions, i.e. transfer their energy completely to other subjects. To "close up" a photon however, no one was able to do so far.
At the Rowland research institute in Cambridge, USA, now the Harvard physicist Lene Vestergaard Hau found out that laser light can be braked when crossing sodium atoms with nearly -270 degrees up to a speed of approximately 60 kilometers per hour. That is approximately the speed, with which we move forward with our cars on highways. For light particles it it is an absolute "snail speed". (the speed of light in the vacuum amounts to nevertheless 300.000 kilometers per second!)
Basic condition for this brake effect is that the medium must change into a very exotic state of aggregation, a so-called Bose Einstein condensate, which likewise includes the ability for superconduction too.
Already for a long time we know that the constance of speed of light, which represents a border in the universe according to Einstein for all subjects, applies only to the vacuum. During the passage of matter, approximately of water or glass, the speed of light is already lower. The disadvantage is that also the light itself is absorbed at the same time by the surrounding medium. From the water we know it that it becomes darker with increasing depth.
Not so with superconductors. Although the sodium atoms braked the light much more strongly than each conventional material, they remained transparent. No losses arose.
Such possibilities can become very interesting in the future, if one wants to store not only the energy of the light (as is the case for instance with the solar collector), but the light as a whole with all its characteristics e.g. the ability to be a storage medium.
Superconducting computer chips will be thus capable to store light and to use it thereby for data storage. Nature invented that everything, as we see, already billions of years ago.
We humans carry thus in each cell of our body a technical high speed equipment: a microchip with 3 Gigabits storage capability, which takes up electromagnetic information from the environment, stores it and - possibly in changed form - also is able to emit.
The technical data of the DNA as oscillator antenna are quickly determined. We know that the molecule would be - stretched out - about two meters long. Thus it has a natural frequency of 150 megahertz. Again a remarkable number, because this frequency is exactly in the range our human radar -, for telecommunications and microwave engineering. We use exactly the same frequency range for communication and detection purposes. A coincidence?
In addition the DNA may obviously store all harmonic waves of 150 megahertz too, thus of course also visible light. The 22th octave of 150 megahertz lies straight in this range. The color of this light radiation is by the way blue. Is it a coincidence that the solar radiation is broken by the terrestrial atmosphere just in such a way that we live in a world with blue sky?
So, does the DNA only take up the light energy, or stores and/or again emits information contained in the electromagnetic oscillation of the light by its radiant emittance? Is the DNA a further communication organ of our body, and may it perhaps even be manipulated by electromagnetic radiation?
This is actual the case. Independent of the biochemical function as a protein producer the DNA is a complicated electronic biological chip that communicates with its environment, as latest research from Russia found out.
In the year 1990 a group of scientists got together in Moscow, for whom the study of the human Genoms was too much reduced exclusively to biochemistry. They had recognized that by this viewpoint, which is based rather on orthodox dogmatism than on objective scientific realizations a lot of information remains hidden to us.
Highly-qualified scientists belong to this group, to a large extent from the Russian Academy of Sciences. Beside physicists of the renowned Lebedev institute also molecular biologists participate, bio physicists, geneticists, embryologists and linguists. Director of the project is Dr. Pjotr Garjajev, a bio physicist and molecular biologist. He is member of the Russian Academy of Sciences as well as of the Academy of Sciences in New York.
In the eight years since establishment of the project the Muscovite group came to revolutionary realizations, which let our understanding of the DNA and the human genetics appear in a completely new light.
For example we speak today nearly naturally of the »genetic code«, thus of a systematic information coding. But the past genetics stopped here and settled the remainder of the work exclusive with the help of chemistry, instead of consulting also language experts.
Differently in Moscow. Here, as already mentioned, the genetic code was submitted an exact investigation by linguists too.
Linguistics is the science of the structure of languages. It investigates thereby not only the natural languages, which developed in the individual countries and cultures, but also artificial languages, which are used for example for programming computers and which were developed in the past decades systematically using linguistic realizations.
One examines semantics (theory of the meaning of the words) and language regularities like the syntax (rules for the setting up of words from letters), as well as the bases of the grammar.
If one uses these scientific realizations on the genetic code, then one recognizes that this code follows the same rules as our human languages.
Mind you: not the rules of a certain language (in this case e.g. the Russian one), but on such a fundamental level, where all existing languages of mankind have comparable structures. So it is possible to set the structure of the genetic code in relationship with each existing language of mankind.
For centuries scientists looked for the human original language - Pjotr Garjajev and his coworkers possibly found it.
We must turn around the relations: the structure of the DNA does not correspond to the human language structure, but the human languages follow the genetic code in their structure the rules! DNA and genetic code existed already for a long time, before first humans spoke an articulated word for the first time! Every human languages developed since that time followed the basic pattern, already existing in the structure of the genetic code.
You should not misunderstand this realization: It does not concern here an orthodox materialistic conception of the world, according to which the ability for speaking would be only a secondary effect of proteins, which are put on in some genes. The arrangement of the elementary bases in the DNA follows a grammar, an immaterial plan, which is similar to the structure of our languages.
The fact that no physical procedure is concerned here is proved by the next discovery of Garjajev's team: The analogy between the structure of the DNA and the human language is most pronounced just in the parts of the giant molecule, which are not used for protein synthesis!
For a long time one knows that only about 10 per cent of the DNA molecule are used for setting up genes. The remaining 90 per cent have a function unknown to classical science and were designated so far as »silent DNA«.
Garjajev's realization thus is a revolution for the entire area of genetics. Examining only the well-known genes calling the remainder »silent DNA«, you will miss the most important facts! It is paradoxical: just the »silent DNA« - figurativy spoken - speaks a language!
In various experiments the Muscovites group could prove that these extensive codes in the DNA are not used by any means for the synthesis of a so far unknown quantity of components of our body, as it is the case with the genes. This code is rather actually used for communication, more exactly - for hypercommunication.
Hypercommunication is a data exchange on DNA level using genetic code. Since this code possesses a structure, which is the basis of all human languages, also higher information may be transported, which is able to come up to human consciousness and to be interpreted there.
Garjajev and its colleague continued still another step. They analyzed the vibration response of the DNA and found out that it follows quite complicated laws, which are however well known in the physics for a long time.
Those are the laws of nonlinear waveform-shaping, known since center of 19 century as so-called Soliton waves. They are known from observations, but so complicated that they may be calculated only with modern computers. Soliton waves are temporally extraordinarily stable and may store information in this way for a long time.
Summarizing all these realizations, one comes to a perfectly new form of the genetic engineering, possibly even to a new gene therapy.
Concerning this Pjotr Garjajev writes: »The majority tries to understand the principles of the DNA biological computer by appointing oneself exclusively to the DNA Watson Crick Chargaff rules: A-T, G-C. That is correct, but it is so not enough! The DNA chromosomale continuum in living systems has wave attributes, which lets us derive the unknown, a computer-similar program for the setting up of the organisms. The well-known genetic code is a code for protein synthesis and nothing further. Chromosomes in vivo work as solitonic holographic computers under use of the endogenous DNA laser radiation.«
This sounds like science of the 21st century and probably is. But don't forget: Garjajevs statements are founded scientifically in theory and experiment.
The consequences of these realizations are as incomprehensible as simple and logical: If one modulates a laser beam by a frequency sample, then one may affect with this the information of the DNA waves and so the genetic information itself.
For this one does not even need to decode the language of the pairs of bases in laborious work, in order to formulate from it artificially genetic information, but one can use quite easily words and sentences of the human language! The bases of the language structures are, as we in now know, the same.
Also this astonishing conclusion the Muscovites group of researchers could prove already experimentally. DNA substance in vivo (i.e. in the living fabric, not in the test tube) reacts to language-modulated laser light, even to radio waves, if one keeps the correct resonant frequencies.
In this way unknown possibilities are opened to the medicine. One may design devices, with which through suitably modulated radio or light radiation cell metabolism may be affected, even the repair of genetic defects is possible, without all the risks and side effects of the classical-biochemical proceeding.
Garjajevs group of researchers could already prove that with this method chromosomes may be repaired, which were damaged e.g. by x-rays. The effects on medical therapy possibilities of the coming century are immense: one can develop devices for new, subtle cancer therapy, also for the treatment of aids and for the slowing down of the aging process.
Already today devices are in use also in German university clinics, with whose assistance cancer patients are exposed to frequency-modulated magnetic field irradiation. The results are promising.
We see here that the objectives of the Muscovites researchers deviate from those of the western human Genome Project in principle. While in the western science the trend is to develop new chemical medicines from as much as possible items of information from the genes - a procedure, which is however not free from substantial risks, a potential giant business -, the Russian scientists have a rather holistic understanding of the DNA leading to the development of therapy devices, which may replace some expensive and dangerous medicine in the long term.
Quite beside from the new wave theory of the genetic code still some further interesting facts follow. For example one knows for a long time that almost any bodily function, particularly also in the metabolism and in the hormone production, can be affected by suggestive strength of the spoken word, although they run perfectly autonomously, thus under elimination of the conscious will, whereupon the impact of the medical hypnosis is based. These facts are well-known, however could not be explained so far scientifically.
The medical model of the psycho neuro immunology led back the effect of hypnotic suggestions so far exclusively to control mechanisms in the brain, particularly in the regions, which are assumed to contain subconscious layers.
Now it looks that it is much simpler: the DNA is able to react directly to the spoken word.
Also different therapy procedures, whose impact was inexplicable so far, as for instance the Chinese acupunkture, may be explained with help of the DNA wave theory in Garjajev's opinion scientifically.
If we summarize the research results of Professor Popp and Professor Garjajev, then a remarkable connection results: Light actually represents an important factor in the power supply of our hereditary molecule, the DNA. It provides healthy functioning of all procedures in our cells. However it cannot form a complete replacement for material food alone.
The information, which will transfer via the light, is much more important. The DNA communicates in this way - perhaps with other organisms or with a superordinate plan - which a morphogenetic field, which could be proven by the research in Russia for the first time scientifically.
In this way the genetic information of each cell can employ comparisons of their actual condition with a specified condition each time and arrange possibly necessary repairs. This can prevent or at least stop diseases such as cancer or aids, in addition, slow down the age process.
The modern wave genetics is one of the key technologies for the coming millennium, and we can be strained, what science will discover in this area in the very near future.
Fig. 1: The double helix of the DNA is at the same time ring and blade antenna
--
Develop interest in life as you see it; in people, things, literature, music -- the world is so rich, simply throbbing with rich treasures, beautiful souls and interesting people. Forget yourself. |
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 14:54:50
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Ooooh, all the science types going on about enzymes in the lab-grown meat thread will love this, Newo!
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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Cheeseman1000
>> Denizen of the Citizens Band <<
Iceland
8201 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:01:07
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The rest of us are scrabbling for floop's yawn pic.
How's that for a slice of fried gold? |
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Newo
~ Abstract Brain ~
Spain
2673 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:01:46
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That's what got me thinking about this, that and a drunken rant myself and an astronomer friend had about DNA after the bars closed one night back in Ireland.
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Develop interest in life as you see it; in people, things, literature, music -- the world is so rich, simply throbbing with rich treasures, beautiful souls and interesting people. Forget yourself. |
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:02:45
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Tre will love this thread. She'll even know what that little squiggly thing is.
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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Newo
~ Abstract Brain ~
Spain
2673 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:03:57
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It's a freestanding spiral staircase, right?
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Develop interest in life as you see it; in people, things, literature, music -- the world is so rich, simply throbbing with rich treasures, beautiful souls and interesting people. Forget yourself. |
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:04:47
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It's a special kinda straw, you can watch your milkshake or soda or whatever you're drinking swirl right on up.
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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Newo
~ Abstract Brain ~
Spain
2673 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:07:16
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Actually it's the original way of getting down to the Batcave, just the capes kept getting twisted up.
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Develop interest in life as you see it; in people, things, literature, music -- the world is so rich, simply throbbing with rich treasures, beautiful souls and interesting people. Forget yourself. |
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:08:14
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I am sure Tre will know exactly what it is. Do you know she gets to wear a lab coat for her work. How cool is that?
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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speedy_m
= Frankofile =
Canada
3581 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:09:00
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That was excellent, thank you Owen.
and you are ill prepared to fight
living in a world of soft and white
in air conditioned battle zones
I pity you!
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:10:27
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Summarize it for us liberal-arts majors, won't you, speedy?
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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speedy_m
= Frankofile =
Canada
3581 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:12:15
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We are programmed. I like to call it "divine binary".
and you are ill prepared to fight
living in a world of soft and white
in air conditioned battle zones
I pity you!
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:13:58
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I once read a poem called Binary. It went like this
zero
one
one
zero
zero
one
It was an ironic commentary on the post-industrial human condition. Or something.
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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starmekitten
-= Forum Pistolera =-
United Kingdom
6370 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:14:30
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I'm too tired
You begin saving the world by saving one person at a time; all else is grandiose romanticism or politics |
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Cheeseman1000
>> Denizen of the Citizens Band <<
Iceland
8201 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:15:23
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Try just dipping in and reading one sentence or paragraph. It's hilariously disorientating.
How's that for a slice of fried gold? |
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:16:01
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kitty's here!!!
Here, drink this and explain Owen's little story to us literary types.
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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darwin
>> Denizen of the Citizens Band <<
USA
5452 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:16:56
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| I would read it, but I have a zero attention span. Plus, I'm reluctant to spend my "valuable" time reading something that has a whiff of bullshit. |
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:17:33
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I'm smelling science but the scientist is smelling bs?
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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Newo
~ Abstract Brain ~
Spain
2673 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:26:57
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The traditional view of DNA is that it is only responsible for the construction of the body, but these guys have discovered it also has its uses for data storage and communication, and that the genetic code follows the same rules as all our human languages, so they compared the rules of syntax, semantics and basic rules of grammar, and found that the alkalines of DNA follow a regular grammar and have set rules just like our spoken tongues. (praps human language did not come about by coincidence but as a reflection of the DNA programme)
This fellow Garjajev found out about the vibrational behaviour of DNA, saying 'living chromosomes function just like solitonic-holographic computers using the endogenous DNA laser radioation', which meant they were able to modulate certain frequency patterns onto a laser ray to influence the DNA frequency and the genetic information therein (this is what we call 'evolution'). Since the basic structure of language and DNA-alkaline pairs are the same, no fancy decoding is necessary, you can just use words and sentences of the human language! Speedy is right, we're programmed, but these guys learned a lot about the fluid nature of that programming.
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Develop interest in life as you see it; in people, things, literature, music -- the world is so rich, simply throbbing with rich treasures, beautiful souls and interesting people. Forget yourself. |
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darwin
>> Denizen of the Citizens Band <<
USA
5452 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:27:36
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quote:
Originally posted by kathryn
I once read a poem called Binary. It went like this
zero
one
one
zero
zero
one
It was an ironic commentary on the post-industrial human condition. Or something.
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
They should have called it 38. |
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:29:10
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quote:
Originally posted by darwin
quote:
Originally posted by kathryn
I once read a poem called Binary. It went like this
zero
one
one
zero
zero
one
It was an ironic commentary on the post-industrial human condition. Or something.
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
They should have called it 38.
Whoa! Feeling like a moron. No idea what you mean by that. Pls. explain.
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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Llamadance
> Teenager of the Year <
United Kingdom
2543 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:30:55
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quote:
Originally posted by Newo
Since the basic structure of language and DNA-alkaline pairs are the same, no fancy decoding is necessary, you can just use words and sentences of the human language! Speedy is right, we're programmed, but these guys learned a lot about the fluid nature of that programming.
You mean our thirst for war could be programmed into our genes?? ;)
No power in the 'verse can stop me
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Newo
~ Abstract Brain ~
Spain
2673 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:33:40
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The With Me/Against Me software. (now available in redneck)
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Develop interest in life as you see it; in people, things, literature, music -- the world is so rich, simply throbbing with rich treasures, beautiful souls and interesting people. Forget yourself. |
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darwin
>> Denizen of the Citizens Band <<
USA
5452 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:35:22
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I got it backwards. It should be 25.
Each slot has a value with the furthest to right being 1, then 2, then 4, 8, 16, 32. So, 011001 equals 16 + 8 + 1. |
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kathryn
~ Selkie Bride ~
Belgium
15320 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:38:51
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quote:
Originally posted by darwin
I got it backwards. It should be 25.
Each slot has a value with the furthest to right being 1, then 2, then 4, 8, 16, 32. So, 011001 equals 16 + 8 + 1.
Busted! I knew you were wrong.
Actually, no, I had no idea about anything about that. 
Sometimes, no matter how shitty things get, you have to just do a little dance. - Frank
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Llamadance
> Teenager of the Year <
United Kingdom
2543 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:39:23
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quote:
Originally posted by Newo
The With Me/Against Me software. (now available in redneck)
The redneck beta must have leaked :(
No power in the 'verse can stop me
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Kirk
= Cult of Ray =
USA
633 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:40:08
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From the middle of the article...
We humans carry thus in each cell of our body a technical high speed equipment: a microchip with 3 Gigabits storage capability, which takes up electromagnetic information from the environment, stores it and - possibly in changed form - also is able to emit.
The technical data of the DNA as oscillator antenna are quickly determined. We know that the molecule would be - stretched out - about two meters long. Thus it has a natural frequency of 150 megahertz. Again a remarkable number, because this frequency is exactly in the range our human radar -, for telecommunications and microwave engineering. We use exactly the same frequency range for communication and detection purposes. A coincidence?
...okay, what are they selling and do I get a free vial of magical essential oils with it?
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Newo
~ Abstract Brain ~
Spain
2673 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 15:46:41
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Darwin, I'd be interested in what you and your bullshit detector think of this, it was you and Tre I had in mind when I lobbed it up.
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Develop interest in life as you see it; in people, things, literature, music -- the world is so rich, simply throbbing with rich treasures, beautiful souls and interesting people. Forget yourself. |
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darwin
>> Denizen of the Citizens Band <<
USA
5452 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 16:43:23
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I'll try reading more, but my bs meter went off on the discoveries coming from Russia (those dudes are wacky) and I'm skeptical when the jargon quickly outstrips my knowledge (not that my knowledge is so great in molecular biology). Plus, I have no idea who the authors are or where it was published. I start off being skeptical when that's the case. The linguistics stuff particularly seemed odd.
As far as the junk DNA, I have seen lectures saying that the junk DNA does serve purposes, but of more conventional sort than given in the article. |
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starmekitten
-= Forum Pistolera =-
United Kingdom
6370 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 16:45:44
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epigenetics
too tired, tomorrow I promise
You begin saving the world by saving one person at a time; all else is grandiose romanticism or politics |
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darwin
>> Denizen of the Citizens Band <<
USA
5452 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 16:47:02
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quote:
Originally posted by starmekitten
epigenetics
too tired, tomorrow I promise
You begin saving the world by saving one person at a time; all else is grandiose romanticism or politics
It's almost tomorrow in the UK. |
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starmekitten
-= Forum Pistolera =-
United Kingdom
6370 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 17:03:29
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It is tomorrow in the UK, it's one o clock in the pissing morning, and I am a girl who really *really* needs her beauty sleep. Plus, I have actual work to do as well you know.
Tomorrow, I promise.
But on a cursory search, I can't find any supporting published research for this biophotonics theory in the main journals, a whole bunch in journals I never heard of published twenty years ago thanks to google mind.
You begin saving the world by saving one person at a time; all else is grandiose romanticism or politics |
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darwin
>> Denizen of the Citizens Band <<
USA
5452 Posts |
Posted - 08/16/2005 : 21:03:30
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| I was thinking about this on my bike ride home and occurred to me that the thing that most sets off my bs detector for anything in science is when the article isn't from a referred journal or isn't quoting material from referred journals. Having papers reviewed and judged by other experts in a field is the backbone of modern science and until material has gone through that stage it isn't trustworthy. It's just someone's claim without evidence presented and scrutinized. |
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starmekitten
-= Forum Pistolera =-
United Kingdom
6370 Posts |
Posted - 08/17/2005 : 07:32:29
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Ok, have slept, have coffee. Working backwards.
I'm *sorry* for the lesson but, it's sort of complicated and, well, if the small bits don't make sense the big bits won't that’s for sure.
Biology Basics
Understanding DNA
Nearly everyone is familiar with the Watson and Crick helical structure of DNA, and nearly everyone knows that the nucleotide base pairs, pair specifically to their partner, a purine to a pyrimidine like:
Adenine (purine) - Thymine (pyrimidine)
Cytosine (purine) - Guanine (pyrimidine)
The binding of these results in two long chains of nucleotides, held together by the hydrogen bonds, which form between the nucleotides, which is the DNA. The chains comprise of a phosphate sugar backbone, which is the outside of the helix, and the nucleotide pairs, which are the inside of the helix. This simple arrangement and specificity makes the DNA structure what it is, and makes it always like this. Part of the beauty of so many biological components like proteins and DNA and so on, is how very clever they are in that the smallest part of them tells the largest part how to work. DNA in it’s most simple form, this chain of four nucleotides paired up not only tells itself how it should look, it tells itself how it should work and how everything around it, which it is responsible for making, works. This simple sequence is responsible for everything that makes you function as a human being and for everything that makes you an individual.
Coding sequence
When the human genome project started there was a projection as to what they would find, how many genes humans would have. As the project went along the estimate was revised and shortened, then revised and shortened some more and by the end of it people were surprised to find we had little more than a mouse. Not all DNA codes you see, and the general name for the bits people didn’t understand was Junk DNA because it didn’t seem to do a lot.
Genome is the name for the total information carried within an organisms DNA. It was known well before people knew what DNA looked like that genes carried the information that encoded proteins, and when the structure of DNA was discovered it all clicked. It can be looked at like a language with four letters, A T C G, and the order of these four letters spell out a code for instructions. Here’s an example of the code for a small gene. Each strand of DNA carries this information, and if you split it down the middle, separating the purines and pyrimidines like in replication, each strand acts as a template for it’s own replication because of the specificity of the binding nucleotides. G can only ever bind to C and so on.
The parts of DNA that code are read in a series of codons or open reading frames. This is going to be hard to explain, reading is achieved by the binding of a protein called RNA-polymerase to the DNA, which will then process the information contained within the sequence to produce a transcript (RNA) which is sent off to be processed into making proteins. This Polymerase knows where to bind because the DNA tells it where to bind in a sequence called the START CODON. A codon is a three nucleotide sequence, and in coding DNA these three nucleotides either code for one of the twenty amino acids or a start sequence or stop sequence. From the start codon the triplets are read, and if for example the triplet reads GGA, GGC, GGG or GGU (The U is Uracil, Thymine is not present in RNA so is written as Uracil in the transcription process) the amino acid next in line will be Glycine. This reading carries on until a complete list of amino acids is made, and as everyone knows amino acids make up proteins. This amino acid sequence because of it's chemical nature knows how to bind itself and it's structure tells it how to function, due again to specificity, a proteins active sites structure matches exactly to it’s substrate.
Simple enough, DNA – CODE – RNA – PROTEIN. But as well as containing information DNA also has a self protection mechanism in INTRONS and EXONS.
Introns and Exons
The average size of a human gene is 27,000 nucleotides long, the average number of nucleotides required for coding a protein (which is the function of a gene) is around 1,300. Those sections of gene that code are called exons and those sequences that do not are introns. As well as the introns and exons there are regulatory coding sequences that make sure the gene is expressed at the right time and in the right amounts. Very complicated. So with Introns, how does the reading protein know not to read them and why are they there in the first place? In organisms with small genomes, prokaryotes like bacteria, there is no Introns. In higher organisms introns are removed after transcription through a method called splicing, this means another protein comes and cuts away the unwanted information. The classic way to check a piece of DNA sequence and determine which parts are introns and which are exons is by comparing them to other organisms to see if there is a high level of conservation, that is that the same sequences for the same proteins crop up in a few organisms, the conservation is pretty impressive. The DNA doesn’t mess with a good formula too much unless it’s to improve it so a lot of the very important proteins are very similar across organisms. If it’s non-conserved, it’s probably not important.
So, it would seem that having all these introns is a bit of a pointless waste of energy if they are going to get cropped out anyway and maybe bacteria have the right idea by not having any, but there is a very good reason for their existence. DNA, again everyone knows this, can get mutated. Sometimes a base is swapped for another and sometimes deleted, a deletion Is a big problem because it can occur in a FRAME SHIFT, this is when the open reading frame gets kicked out of skew and the three nucleotide codons are not being read properly, if they are not being read properly you get bad proteins made. DNA has it’s own mechanisms for repair but sometimes it goes wrong, such as in a lot of Cancers. These mutations happen all the time, there’s no helping it, but by having a mass of extra nucleotides as well as the ones that actually code the probability the mutation will occur in this non essential DNA is higher. Very, very clever.
Allow this to go over your head
I mention this only as examples of non coding DNA sequence. Also contained in the DNA are tandemly repeated sequences loosely termed satellites, which are:
Satellite DNA consists of many tandem repeats (identical or related) of a short repeating unit (Genes VII – Lewin)
These are found largely in heterochromatin (I’ll come to that in a minute) and are what is normally used in DNA fingerprinting techniques.
Pseudogenes are inactive but stable components of the genome derived by mutation in an ancestral active gene.
So there are a few types of non coding sequence that would have once been termed Junk DNA. This still leaves a fair amount of what the hell is that bit for, but there are some new ideas about that which I will explain after this next bit.
What DNA looks like
Everyone knows the double helix, but if you took the nucleus from a single cell, extracted the DNA and lay it our in a straight line you may be surprised at how far that line would go. Half way to the moon I’m sure. DNA is very tightly packaged inside cells. It is wound around proteins called histones, which are themselves packaged into tight barrel like structures called solenoids, and are then even further compacted than that. Heterochromatin is DNA that is seriously tightly packaged and not unwound, only short pieces of DNA are ever exposed from this tight packaging at any one time and then that’s only to read them before they get wrapped up tight again. They are so compact and well packaged, because they have to be to fit them inside the tiny cells. So DNA does not float around looking like Owens picture.
Epigenetics
As well as all the other stuff that goes on with DNA it is recently being discovered that DNA has a memory. I say recently, inarticulate theories have been around a while. I have a really good article on this but can I find it? Ha!
Ok. So we know we get DNA from our parents (nucleic DNA I mean, not to confuse things but mitochondrial DNA is only maternally inherited) so we are getting two lots, two to encode the making of protein X when we only need one. To prevent overproduction of protein X a process called IMPRINTING occurs, this is when an addition is made to the DNA (through usually methylation) to prevent the reading proteins from binding to it. It is essentially switching the DNA off. Which one gets turned off (that inherited from the mother or the father) doesn’t matter, it’s (I think) random. Another way to put this is women, as we know, inherit two X chromosomes, there’s no need for two so one is switched off. This is an example of epigenetics, a definition is:
Epigenetic changes influence the phenotype without altering the genotype. They consist of changes in the property pf the cell that are inherited but do not represent a change in the genetic information.
That is, the DNA you inherit is the same but the way it is processed is different for each individual. The way this is controlled, it is thought, is through this junk DNA producing RNA transcripts that code not for proteins but sort of direct the methylation machinery towards those sections of DNA that need to be silenced. This is a stupidly basic way of looking at it, and is a very new in terms of ideas, but it all seems to make a lot of sense. The memory aspects of it were first suggested (badly) in Lamarckian inheritance. He gave a poor example of giraffes necks being long because of adults stretching to reach leaves and the stretching was remembered by the progeny. Stupid example. But, what your grandmother was eating, exposed to, doing can affect your phenotypes through epigenetics. The popular example now is Agouti mice and there is the example of Dutch women who lived through rations and their grandchildren being born smaller than average because of it. Environmental genetics, how the outside word affects your DNA without altering it. It explains why identical twins are not identical, it explains how one can develop a genetic disorder while the other may not. It explains a lot, I have some press articles if anyone cares to read them. And illustrations to most of these concepts should they be required.
Right. Now that’s covered I’m coming onto Owens article, I think I've covered junk DNA.
I did warn you.
You begin saving the world by saving one person at a time; all else is grandiose romanticism or politics |
Edited by - starmekitten on 08/17/2005 08:06:15 |
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Llamadance
> Teenager of the Year <
United Kingdom
2543 Posts |
Posted - 08/17/2005 : 07:44:33
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I was reading an article where they discovered that by destroying some of the coding on the introns then the leaves of a particular plant became stunted. As far as I understand your post, then that isn't covered by epigenetics (or is it). Aren't the introns more involved in day to day expression than we really understand?
No power in the 'verse can stop me
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starmekitten
-= Forum Pistolera =-
United Kingdom
6370 Posts |
Posted - 08/17/2005 : 08:03:32
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Ok, Intron - a segment that is transcribed but removed from within the transcript by splicing together the sequences (exons) on either side of it.
I got that wrong in my post.
I'm not sure is the honest answer, I won't pretend to have looked at plants recently but the underlying principles should be the same.
As far as I know the introns don't code for anything so shouldn't affect the phenotype, when doing genetic engineering and inserting human genes into a bacterial vector you have to use cDNA which is free of introns because bacteria do not have the splicing machinery to cope with it, and this is how a lot of the genetic engineering experiments work with these pre-spliced genes, and they seem to work just fine which would suggest the removal of the introns should have no affect on gene function.
This is all off the top of my head so I could be wrong, but thinking about it there is a vast difference between in vivo and in vitro experimentation. One of the things the human genome project kicked out was that complete understanding of the biological systems was not going to come from just knowing the DNA sequence, it's kicked out genomics, proteomics and epigenetics looking at how not only the DNA works, but how the environment surrounding a protein or a sequence will affect it. So in theory whilst the splicing of the introns or manual removal prior to expression should have no direct affect to gene function, it may be that those spliced sequences or proteins that degrade the spliced sequence could affect the working of another protein or affect the processing of another piece of DNA, and not having them floating around after removal would affect the whole system. I'll look this up, after I have more caffiene :)
I'm really not sure, this is me thinking.
You begin saving the world by saving one person at a time; all else is grandiose romanticism or politics |
Edited by - starmekitten on 08/17/2005 08:04:31 |
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The Biological Chip in our Cells
